4S dealership records are directly connected to the manufacturer's database, making the data hard to tamper with and the most reliable, with original parts guaranteed; third-party repair shops usually are not connected, making their data unverifiable. Therefore, we only consider the connected records from 4S dealerships as valid historical documentation.

For B2B large customer orders, a "sampling + full inspection" dual regulation is adopted. Core parameters (no major accidents, no water damage or fire) are subject to 100% inspection per vehicle; appearance and condition are uniformly graded (e.g., uniformly purchasing Grade A), and panoramic images of all vehicles in the batch along with a core indicators comparison list are provided before shipment.

Test-drive cars experience much more mechanical wear due to extreme conditions like cold starts and emergency braking compared to regular family cars. We can identify this by tracing whether the first owner was a 4S dealership or the manufacturer. If so, we will reassess its value based on "operational intensity" standards.